Europe is experiencing a marked shift in attitudes towards cooling as heat waves become more frequent and intense. In countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and the Scandinavian region, residents are increasingly turning to air‑conditioning. Sales are rising, and many households are considering cooling systems for the first time.

Much of Europe’s building stock was not designed for high temperatures. Older homes in the United Kingdom offer limited insulation, while newer buildings often retain heat and maximise sunlight, creating challenging indoor conditions during summer. Similar issues affect cities such as Paris, where zinc roofs and concrete towers contribute to overheating, and high electricity prices discourage the use of fans or cooling appliances.

Recent heat waves have broken temperature records across multiple countries, with significant impacts on public health. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 200,000 people have died due to heat in Europe over the past four years. Advisory bodies, including the UK Climate Change Committee, warn that cooling systems will be needed in homes, hospitals, long‑term‑care facilities and schools, alongside measures such as shading, awnings and shutters.

Cooling demand is rising across the continent. Portable units, split systems and reversible air‑to‑air heat pumps are increasingly used, but higher electricity prices and grid constraints pose challenges. Experts highlight the importance of efficient appliances and less energy‑intensive solutions, including improved ventilation, shading, reflective materials and urban greening.

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