Rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves are making the urban heat island effect one of the most pressing challenges facing cities. Although this phenomenon has long been used to explain the impact of the built environment on the local climate, experts in architecture, urban planning and public health are now advocating a broader approach that places people's well-being at the heart of adaptation strategies. Evidence shows that there are no universal solutions: the most effective measures depend on climatic conditions, urban form and the specific characteristics of each location.

Among the measures with the greatest potential are expanding green infrastructure, using reflective materials on roofs and pavements, improving urban ventilation and designing buildings that reduce cooling demand. However, experts warn that these interventions must be carefully assessed to avoid unintended consequences, such as increased glare or heat retention. The article also highlights the importance of complementing building-related measures with heat action plans, early warning systems and targeted initiatives to protect the most vulnerable members of society.