The document analyses three key dimensions of the residential building stock in Poland: physical characteristics, energy performance, and socio-economic context. By the end of 2023, Poland was estimated to have over 15 million dwellings, mostly located in urban areas and in single-family buildings. Energy efficiency varies considerably depending on the age of the building, the systems installed, and construction quality.

One of the main obstacles identified is the fragmentation and limited digitisation of available data. Although registers such as the CREPB (energy performance certificates) and CRBE (emission sources) exist, their coverage is partial, especially for older buildings. Moreover, the quality of energy certificates depends heavily on the methodology used and the professional issuing them, which leads to inconsistencies.

In terms of regulation, Poland has made progress in transposing European directives such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), but significant gaps remain, including continued financial support for fossil fuel boilers and the lack of integration of remote renewable energy sources in energy assessments.

The study also addresses key concepts such as energy poverty, vulnerable consumers, and worst-performing buildings. While definitions are broadly aligned with European standards, their measurement remains complex, particularly when it comes to subjective or multi-factor indicators.

Among the recommendations, the report highlights the need to consolidate and automate existing data systems, improve data quality and update frequency, and facilitate public access to information. It also calls for strengthening support mechanisms for energy renovation, especially in the most inefficient buildings and among vulnerable households.