A recent study by VITO examines how the choice between a heat pump and a gas boiler affects energy use in residential buildings. The analysis considers current and projected energy prices, investment costs, and operational performance, offering households a clearer understanding of the long‑term implications of each system.

The report notes that the price of natural gas has fallen from its 2022 peak, while electricity prices have remained relatively stable. Under these conditions, a gas boiler currently results in lower annual energy costs for households. However, the findings highlight that heat pumps consume significantly less final energy, as they convert one unit of electricity into two to four units of usable heat, depending on the system and the characteristics of the building.

Investment costs remain a significant consideration. Heat pump installations typically range from EUR 10,000 to 20,000, while gas boilers generally fall between EUR 2,500 and 5,000. The study notes that the cost‑effectiveness of each system varies according to the building’s energy label: homes with a B rating show the most favourable performance for heat pumps, while buildings in categories C and D may experience higher electricity consumption due to greater heat demand. Future scenarios involving higher carbon prices or lower electricity tariffs could strengthen the position of heat pumps, particularly in dwellings with improved insulation and low‑temperature heating systems.

The findings underline that the choice of heating technology has a direct impact on the energy performance of buildings. Heat pumps reduce overall energy consumption, while gas boilers currently offer lower operational costs. The analysis concludes that future market developments, including energy taxation and carbon pricing, will play a decisive role in determining which option becomes more cost‑effective for households.