Energy affordability has become a central issue for energy security, social well-being and an inclusive energy transition. However, its monitoring remains fragmented: countries use different definitions, indicators and data sources, making it difficult to compare results and accurately identify the households most exposed.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) proposes a methodological framework for structuring national monitoring around three elements: dimensions, indicators and data. The approach recognises that the ability to afford energy costs depends not only on income and expenditure, but also on the energy efficiency of buildings, household characteristics and other factors. Its effects may take the form of financial burden, lack of thermal comfort, health problems, social exclusion or an inability to invest in energy efficiency improvements.

The report recommends combining economic indicators with information on household experiences, direct measurements and indirect indicators, such as arrears on bills, housing quality or energy efficiency. This approach makes it possible to incorporate geographical and socio-economic differences and improve the identification of vulnerable groups. The aim is to move towards monitoring systems that are comparable yet adaptable to each national context, supported by surveys, administrative records and other data sources that enable policies to be designed and evaluated with greater precision.