Efficient heating and cooling are crucial, yet much thermal energy is wasted. A circular energy economy in cities can be achieved by recovering and recycling waste heat through thermal networks, heat pumps, and renewable energy.

Low-temperature thermal networks collect waste heat from sources like data centres and redistribute it efficiently. Heat pumps extract and transfer heat, optimising heating and cooling.

The EU Energy Performance of Buildings and Renewable Energy Directives mandate the transition to clean energy, reinforcing the need for sustainable solutions. Benefits include lower CO2 emissions, reduced urban heat islands, and energy independence.

Adoption challenges include high costs and regulatory barriers, requiring incentives and public awareness. Clean heating and cooling are essential for sustainable, resilient, and decarbonised cities.