This study, titled 'A Comparative Study of Energy Performance Certificates across Europe', examines the diverse Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) frameworks in several European countries, highlighting differences in methodologies, inputs, outputs, and assessor protocols despite their origin from the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. 

The analysis reveals that while EPC ratings may seem similar across countries with comparable climates, the underlying processes differ significantly, complicating direct comparisons. 

The paper emphasises the necessity of understanding country-specific EPCs for effective EU-level innovations. It discusses the potential challenges of harmonising EPC approaches and suggests that varying methodologies can provide valuable insights and best practices for energy assessments across Europe.