In 2023, approximately 400,000 Dutch households faced energy poverty, 70,000 more than in 2022, due to high energy costs and inefficient housing. However, government support measures, such as energy allowances and a price cap, prevented the number from being higher. 

Energy poverty, though increasing from 4.0% in 2022 to 4.8% in 2023, has declined since 2019 due to falling energy prices and improved housing. Hidden energy poverty, where households under-consume energy to save costs, also rose significantly. 

The research, conducted by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and Statistics Netherlands (CBS), found that households in energy poverty spent 8.5% of their income on energy in 2023. Most affected were renters in housing corporation dwellings.