Efficient heating and cooling are critical for cities, but much thermal energy is wasted. A circular energy economy could reduce this by recycling waste heat through thermal networks, heat pumps, storage, and renewable energy.

As urban populations grow and the climate crisis worsens, cities must transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, as required by the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and the Renewable Energy Directive.

Low-temperature thermal networks collect and distribute waste heat, while heat pumps provide clean heating and cooling. This system reduces CO2 emissions, enhances resilience against heatwaves, and boosts energy independence.

Overcoming challenges like upfront costs, regulatory hurdles and limited public awareness is key to widespread adoption.