A study titled ‘Effectiveness and Sustainability of solutions sets aimed at Plus Energy Buildings. A multi-case and multi-domain investigation’ explores advancements beyond net zero energy buildings (nZEB) towards Plus Energy Buildings (PEBs), focusing on their potential benefits at local and national scales. Unlike nZEBs, PEBs lack comprehensive evaluation across energy, environmental, and economic criteria, crucial for assessing their sustainability. 

The research uses parametric modelling and simulations across 16 case studies to evaluate technical systems like PV modules and heat pumps. Findings suggest PEB effectiveness varies: rooftop PV alone limits potential, while integrated systems perform better, especially in subarctic regions. 

The study found that relying solely on rooftop PV modules limits system effectiveness. It emphasised the importance of integrating and optimising heat pumps and PV technologies in subarctic areas. Centralised systems show promise, contingent on national energy policies. The study underscores the need for broader case studies to validate these findings universally.