SPENs can provide a range of services and facilities, such as shared heat pumps, PV panels and common spaces with greenery, water and biodiversity. These shared assets and services interact differently with the urban infrastructure, thus they require a different legislative framework.

As part of the project syn.ikia, this briefing presents the current gaps and barriers for the uptake of SPENs, while also provides policy recommendations for four specific countries: Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, and Norway. Three main aspects are included:

1. energy performance,
2. renewable energy and energy communities, and
3. digital technologies and demand-side flexibility.

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